Accounting for Partnership Firms and Companies

Unit 1: Accounting for Partnership Firms

Partnership and Its Features

• Definition and characteristics of a partnership.
• Essentials of a Partnership Deed and its importance in governing the partnership.
• Application of the Indian Partnership Act, 1932, when no Partnership Deed exists.

Capital Accounts

• Fixed and fluctuating capital accounts: Meaning and differences.

Profit and Loss Appropriation Account

• Preparation and division of profit among partners.
• Guarantee of profits and its accounting.

Adjustments in Past Transactions

• Adjustments related to:
  • Interest on capital.
  • Interest on drawings.
  • Salaries to partners.
  • Profit-sharing ratios.

Goodwill

• Nature and factors influencing goodwill.
• Methods of valuing goodwill:
  • Average profit method.
  • Super profit method.
  • Capitalization method.

Reconstitution of Partnership

• Change in Profit Sharing Ratio:
  • Determining sacrificing and gaining ratios.
  • Revaluation of assets and reassessment of liabilities.
  • Preparation of revaluation account and updated balance sheet.
• Admission of a Partner:
  • Impact on profit-sharing ratio.
  • Goodwill treatment as per Accounting Standard (AS) 26.
  • Adjustments for revaluation of assets, liabilities, reserves, and accumulated profits.
  • Adjustment of capital accounts and preparation of the balance sheet.
• Retirement and Death of a Partner:
  • Impact on profit-sharing ratio.
  • Goodwill treatment (AS 26).
  • Adjustments for revaluation, reserves, and accumulated profits.
  • Preparation of the retiring partner’s loan account and capital account.
  • Calculation of profit share till the date of death and preparation of executor's account.

Dissolution of a Partnership Firm

• Types of dissolution.
• Settlement of accounts:
  • Preparation of realization account.
  • Partner’s capital accounts and bank/cash account.

Unit 2: Accounting for Companies

Share Capital

• Shares and share capital: Meaning, types, and features.
• Procedures for issuing share capital:
  • Equity share allotment, private placement, and Employee Stock Option Plans (ESOP).
  • Public subscription, including oversubscription and undersubscription.
  • Shares issued at par and at a premium.
  • Accounting for calls in advance and arrears (excluding interest).
  • Shares issued for non-cash consideration.
  • Accounting treatment of share forfeiture and re-issue.

Disclosure of Share Capital

• Presentation of share capital in the company’s balance sheet.

Debentures

• Types of debenture issuance:
  • At par, premium, and discount.
  • Non-cash consideration issuance.
  • Redemption terms.
• Debentures as collateral security.
• Interest on debentures.
• Redemption methods:
  • Lump sum, draw of lots, and open-market purchases (excluding ex-interest and cum-interest cases).
• Debenture Redemption Reserve creation.

Unit 3: Financial Statement Analysis

Overview of Financial Statements

• Components of financial statements for a company:
  • Statement of Profit and Loss.
  • Balance Sheet (as per Schedule III of the Companies Act, 2013).

Objectives and Limitations

• Importance, objectives, and constraints of financial statement analysis.

Analytical Tools

• Comparative and common-size statements.
• Ratio analysis.
• Cash flow analysis.

Accounting Ratios

• Liquidity Ratios: Current ratio, Quick ratio.
• Solvency Ratios: Debt to equity ratio, Total assets to debt ratio, Proprietary ratio, Interest coverage ratio.
• Activity Ratios: Inventory turnover ratio, Trade receivables and payables turnover ratios, Working capital turnover ratio.
• Profitability Ratios: Gross profit ratio, Operating ratio, Net profit ratio, Operating profit ratio, Return on investment.

Unit 4: Cash Flow Statement

Overview

• Definition, objectives, and preparation of cash flow statements as per AS 3 (Revised).
• Use of the indirect method for preparation.

Unit 5: Computerized Accounting

Introduction to Computerized Accounting

• Characteristics, structure, and applications of computerized accounting systems.

Software for Accounting

• Types of software:
  • Generic packages.
  • Specific packages.
  • Customized packages.

Electronic Spreadsheets

• Features and accounting applications:
  • Generating bank reconciliation statements.
  • Asset accounting.
  • Loan repayment schedules and ratio analysis.
  • Visual representation through graphs, charts, and diagrams.

Implementation of Computerized Systems

• Steps for installation, coding, and creating account hierarchies.
• Data entry, validation, and adjustments for closing/opening balances.
• Security and system requirements.

Database Management Systems (DBMS)

• Overview and features.
• Role of DBMS in accounting and business applications.
• Payroll accounting through computerized systems.

Aptitude Syllabus for Entrance Test

1. Quantitative Ability

• Numbers
• Percentages
• Profit and Loss
• Time, Speed, and Distance
• Time and Work
• Calendar and Clocks
• Ratio and Proportion
• Simple and Compound Interest
• Averages and Mixtures
• Geometry and Mensuration
• Data Interpretation (Tables, Charts, Graphs)

2. Logical Reasoning

• Non-Verbal Reasoning
• Series (Number and Alphabet Series)
• Coding and Decoding
• Syllogisms
• Analogy
• Blood Relations
• Directions and Distance
• Ranking and Comparison
• Puzzles (Seating Arrangements, Logical Sequences)
• Statement and Assumptions/Conclusions

3. Verbal Ability

• Vocabulary (Synonyms, Antonyms)
• Grammar (Error Detection, Sentence Correction)
• Sentence Rearrangement (Para Jumbles)
• Reading Comprehension
• Idioms and Phrases
• One-word Substitution

4. Data Sufficiency and Analytical Ability

• Data Sufficiency (Analyzing data in tables and statements)
• Analytical Reasoning Problems

Biology Course Syllabus

Unit 1: Diversity in Living Organisms

• The concept of living organisms and biodiversity: Importance of classification, three domains of life, taxonomy, and systematics.
• Taxonomical hierarchy, species concepts, and binomial nomenclature.
• Biological Classification: Five-kingdom system; Key characteristics of Monera, Protista, and Fungi; Introduction to lichens, viruses, and viroids.
• Plant Kingdom: Classification into Algae, Bryophytes, Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms, and Angiosperms, with distinguishing features and examples.

Unit 2: Cell Structure and Function

• The cell as a fundamental unit of life: Cell theory, prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, and differences between plant and animal cells.
• Cell structures: Membrane systems, cell wall, organelles (endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles, mitochondria, ribosomes, plastids, cytoskeleton, nucleus).
• Biomolecules: Proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids; enzyme types, properties, and mechanisms of action.
• Cell cycle and division: Stages of the cell cycle, mitosis, and meiosis with their importance.

Unit 3: Reproduction in Flowering Plants

• Floral structure and gametophyte development in plants.
• Pollination mechanisms, types, and examples; pollen-pistil interactions; double fertilization and post-fertilization events.
• Seed and fruit development, apomixis, polyembryony, and the role of seed dispersal in plant propagation.

Unit 4: Human Reproduction

• Anatomy of the male and female reproductive systems.
• Gametogenesis: Spermatogenesis and oogenesis.
• Fertilization, early embryonic development, implantation, pregnancy, placenta formation, parturition, and lactation (basic understanding).

Unit 5: Reproductive Health

• The importance of reproductive health, prevention of STDs, and methods of contraception.
• Medical termination of pregnancy (MTP), infertility, and assisted reproductive technologies (IVF, ZIFT, GIFT).

Unit 6: Principles of Inheritance and Variation

• Mendelian inheritance and deviations (incomplete dominance, co-dominance, multiple alleles, polygenic inheritance).
• Chromosomal basis of inheritance, sex determination, linkage, and crossing over.
• Genetic disorders: Examples include haemophilia, Down syndrome, and Turner syndrome.

Unit 7: Molecular Biology

• DNA and RNA: Structure, function, replication, transcription, and translation.
• Regulation of gene expression and operons.
• Insights into genome projects (human and rice) and DNA fingerprinting techniques.

Unit 8: Evolution

• Origin and evolution of life with evidence from paleontology, anatomy, and molecular biology.
• Mechanisms of evolution: Natural selection, genetic drift, Hardy-Weinberg principle, adaptive radiation, and human evolution.

Unit 9: Human Health and Diseases

• Disease-causing pathogens and their control (malaria, dengue, typhoid, pneumonia, etc.).
• Fundamentals of immunology, vaccines, cancer, HIV/AIDS, and the effects of substance abuse.

Unit 10: Plant Physiology

• Photosynthesis: Process, pigments, pathways (C3, C4), and factors affecting photosynthesis.
• Plant respiration: Glycolysis, TCA cycle, electron transport, and fermentation.
• Plant growth and development: Growth phases, regulators (auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins), and conditions for growth.

Unit 11: Human Physiology

• Respiratory system: Mechanism and regulation of breathing, respiratory disorders.
• Circulatory system: Blood composition, heart function, blood vessels, cardiac cycle, and circulatory disorders.
• Excretory system: Human excretion mechanisms and associated disorders.
• Musculoskeletal system: Muscle contraction, skeletal functions, and related disorders.
• Nervous system: Structure and function of neurons, nerve impulses, and the human endocrine system.

Unit 12: Microbial Applications

• Role of microbes in food processing, industrial production, sewage treatment, and agriculture (biofertilizers, biocontrol agents).
• Antibiotic production and usage.

Unit 13: Biotechnology Principles

• Basic concepts of genetic engineering and recombinant DNA technology.

Unit 14: Applications of Biotechnology

• Uses in health and agriculture: Human insulin, gene therapy, transgenic organisms, and ethical concerns.

Unit 15: Ecology and Environment

• Organisms and populations: Adaptations, population growth, and interactions (mutualism, parasitism, competition).
• Ecosystems: Energy flow, nutrient cycles, ecological pyramids, and succession.
• Biodiversity: Importance, conservation efforts, endangered species, and protected areas.

Chemistry Course Syllabus

Unit 1: Fundamental Concepts of Chemistry

• Understanding matter: properties and composition.
• Dalton’s atomic theory and the basics of atoms, molecules, elements, and compounds.
• Measurements in chemistry: precision, accuracy, SI units, dimensional analysi.
• Laws governing chemical combinations.
• Concept of mole, atomic and molecular mass, and molar mass.

Unit 2: States of Matter

• Gaseous State:
  • Properties and behavior of gases: Boyle’s, Charles’s, Graham’s, Avogadro’s, and Dalton’s laws.
  • Absolute temperature scale and the ideal gas equation.
  • Basics of kinetic theory; deviations from ideal gas behavior; van der Waals equation.
• Solid State:
  • Classification: molecular, ionic, covalent, metallic, crystalline, and amorphous solids.
  • Bragg’s law, unit cells, lattice structures, and voids.
  • Electrical, magnetic, and dielectric properties.

Unit 3: Atomic Structure

• Evolution of atomic models: Thomson’s, Rutherford’s, and Bohr’s.
• Electromagnetic radiation, photoelectric effect, and hydrogen spectrum.
• Quantum mechanics: wave-particle duality, de Broglie’s principle, and quantum numbers.
• Orbital shapes, Aufbau principle, Pauli exclusion, Hund’s rule.

Unit 4: Chemical Bonding and Molecular Geometry

• Ionic and covalent bonding: formation, factors, lattice energy, and dipole moment.
• Molecular geometries based on VSEPR theory.
• Hybridization concepts and molecular orbital theory.
• Resonance, bond order, length, and energy.

Unit 5: Chemical Thermodynamics

• Basics of thermodynamics: system, surroundings, state functions, and types of processes.
• First law of thermodynamics: internal energy, enthalpy, and heat capacities.
• Hess’s law and energy calculations.

Unit 6: Solutions

• Expressions of concentration: molarity, molality, mole fraction, and percentage compositions.
• Raoult’s law, colligative properties (boiling point elevation, freezing point depression, osmotic pressure).
• Abnormal molar masses and Van’t Hoff factor.

Unit 7: Electrochemistry

• Electrochemical cells, electrodes, and electrode potentials.
• Measurement of emf, Nernst equation, and its applications.
• Energy relationships, dry cells, fuel cells, and batteries.

Unit 8: Chemical Kinetics

• Reaction rates, factors affecting reaction speeds, and rate laws.
• Zero and first-order reactions: half-lives and characteristics.
• Collision theory and activation energy.

Unit 9: Transition and Inner Transition Metals

• Characteristics and properties of d-block elements.
• Lanthanoids: Electronic configuration, reactivity, and lanthanoid contraction.
• Actinoids: Comparison with lanthanoids and their chemistry.

Unit 10: Coordination Chemistry

• Introduction to ligands and coordination compounds.
• Bonding theories: Werner’s theory, VBT, and CFT.
• Applications in analysis, metallurgy, and biological systems.

Unit 11: Halogen-Containing Compounds

• Haloalkanes and haloarenes: Structures, properties, and reactions.
• Environmental implications of halogenated compounds.

Unit 12: Alcohols, Phenols, and Ethers

• Properties and reactions of alcohols, phenols, and ethers.
• Applications in daily life.

Unit 13: Carbonyl Compounds and Carboxylic Acids

• Reactions of aldehydes, ketones, and carboxylic acids.
• Mechanisms and uses of key organic reactions.

Unit 14: Amines

• Properties and classifications of amines.
• Importance of diazonium salts in synthetic chemistry.

Unit 15: Biomolecules

• Carbohydrates: Classifications, properties, and biological roles.
• Proteins: Structure levels, peptide bonds, and enzymatic functions.
• Overview of nucleic acids (DNA and RNA).

Unit 16: Hydrocarbons

• Classification and nomenclature of alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, and aromatic compounds.
• Reactions: Halogenation, addition, polymerization, and substitution.

Unit 17: Applications of Chemistry in Daily Life

• Role of chemicals in medicines (antibiotics, antacids, etc.), food preservatives, and detergents.
• Cleansing mechanisms of soaps and detergents.

Chemistry (Lateral Entry) Course Syllabus

Unit 1: Fundamental Concepts of Chemistry

• Physical States of Matter: Overview of solids, liquids, and gases.
• Chemical Classification: Elements, compounds, and mixtures with examples.
• Chemical Symbols and Formulas: Understanding element symbols, valency, and constructing chemical formulas for simple compounds.
• Percentage Composition: Calculation of the percentage of elements in compounds like CaCO₃, NaCl, CuSO₄, NaOH, Ca(OH)₂, H₂SO₄, and C₂H₂O₄ using their atomic and molecular masses (atomic masses will be provided).
• Chemical Equations: Writing, balancing (using the hit-and-trial method), and thermochemical equations.

Unit 2: Atomic Structure, Periodic Table, and Chemical Bonding

• Atomic Structure:
  • Discovery of fundamental particles: electrons, protons, and neutrons, with their masses, charges, and names of the scientists involved.
  • Bohr’s atomic model: successes and limitations (qualitative understanding).
  • Atomic number, mass number, isotopes, and isobars.
  • Orbit and orbitals: shapes of s and p orbitals.
• Quantum Numbers: Definitions, types, and significance.
• Electronic Configuration: Aufbau principle, Pauli exclusion principle, and Hund’s rule; configurations of elements up to atomic number 30.
• Modern Periodic Table: Periodic law, groups, periods, and classification into s, p, d, and f blocks (excluding periodic trends).
• Chemical Bonding:
  • Types of bonds: Ionic bonding (e.g., NaCl) and covalent bonding (σ and π bonds in H₂, O₂, N₂, CH₄).
  • Introduction to hybridization and its types (sp³, sp², sp) with examples like CH₄, BF₃, and BeCl₂.
  • Metallic bonding: Electron gas (sea) model explanation.

Unit 3: Solutions

• Basic Definitions: Solutions, solute, and solvent with relevant examples.
• Concentration Measures: Concepts of molarity (M), molality (m), and normality (N), including calculation-based problems.
• pH of Solutions: Introduction, simple pH calculations, and applications in industries.
• Buffer Solutions: Definitions, types, examples, and industrial uses.

Unit 4: Water Chemistry

• Water Resources: Representation of Earth’s water resources using a pie chart.
• Classification of Water:
  • Soft and hard water; action of soap on hard water.
  • Causes and types of hardness, measurement units (mg/L, ppm), and simple calculations.
• Hard Water Problems: Issues in domestic use and boiler feed water.
• Hardness Removal Methods: Permutit process and ion-exchange method.
• Water Analysis:
  • Estimation of total dissolved solids (TDS) and alkalinity.
  • Characteristics of potable water and methods for its sterilization (chlorination, UV radiation, reverse osmosis).

Unit 5: Electrochemistry

• Oxidation-Reduction: Concepts of redox reactions and their electronic interpretation.
• Electrolytes and Non-Electrolytes: Definitions with examples.
• Faraday’s Laws of Electrolysis: Statements and numerical applications.
• Industrial Applications:
  • Electroplating, electrolytic refining, and electrometallurgy.
  • Redox reactions in electrochemical cells, including commercial dry cells (primary) and lead-acid batteries (secondary).

Unit 6: Organic Chemistry

• Carbon’s Versatility: Tetravalency and catenation leading to diverse organic compounds.
• Classification of Organic Compounds: Based on functional groups.
• Nomenclature: IUPAC naming of simple organic compounds containing up to two carbon atoms, including alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, alkyl halides, alcohols, ethers, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, and amines. Common names (if applicable) are also included. (Compounds with multiple functional groups are excluded.)

Commerce Course Syllabus

Unit 1: Understanding Management

• Management: Definition, goals, and relevance.
• Nature of Management: Management as a science, an art, and a profession.
• Levels of Management: Different hierarchical levels and their roles.
• Functions of Management: Planning, organizing, staffing, directing, and controlling.
• Coordination: Meaning, features, and its significance in management.

Unit 2: Principles of Management

• Foundational Concepts: Principles of management, their nature, and importance.
• Fayol’s Management Principles: Key contributions and their applications.
• Scientific Management by Taylor: Core principles and practical techniques.

Unit 3: Management and the Business Environment

• Business Environment: Meaning and significance in decision-making.
• Key Dimensions: Economic, social, technological, political, and legal factors.
• Government Policies and Business: Impact of liberalization, privatization, and globalization in the Indian context.

Unit 4: Planning in Management

• Planning: Definition, benefits, and challenges.
• Planning Process: Step-by-step approach.
• Types of Plans: Single-use and ongoing plans, including objectives, strategies, policies, procedures, methods, rules, budgets, and programs.

Unit 5: Organizing

• Organizing: Concept and relevance.
• Organizing Process: Key steps involved.
• Organizational Structure: Functional and divisional structures.
• Types of Organizations: Formal and informal.
• Delegation: Definition, components, and importance.
• Decentralization: Concept and significance.

Unit 6: Staffing

• Staffing: Definition and importance in human resource management.
• Staffing Process: Recruitment sources, selection methods, and training processes.
• Training Methods: On-the-job and off-the-job training, including induction, vestibule, apprenticeship, and internships.

Unit 7: Directing

• Directing: Definition and importance.
• Key Elements:
  • Supervision: Meaning and supervisor’s role.
  • Motivation: Concept, Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, financial and non-financial incentives.
  • Leadership: Definition and styles (authoritative, democratic, laissez-faire).
  • Communication: Formal and informal communication, barriers, and solutions for effective communication.

Unit 8: Controlling

• Controlling: Definition, characteristics, and role in management.
• Relationship Between Planning and Controlling: How they complement each other.
• Control Process: Sequential steps involved in the controlling process.

Unit 9: Financial Management

• Financial Management: Definition and objectives.
• Key Financial Decisions: Investment, financing, and dividend decisions, and influencing factors.
• Financial Planning: Importance and process.
• Capital Structure: Definition and factors affecting it.
• Fixed and Working Capital: Definitions and determinants of their requirements.

Unit 10: Financial Markets

• Financial Markets: Overview and types.
• Money Market: Meaning and key instruments.
• Capital Market: Primary and secondary markets.
• Stock Exchange: Functions and trading mechanisms.
• Depository Services: Concept and Demat accounts.
• SEBI: Objectives and functions.

Unit 11: Marketing Management

• Marketing: Definition and core functions.
• Marketing Philosophies: Key approaches and their relevance.
• Marketing Mix: Overview.
  • Product: Definition, branding, labeling, and packaging.
  • Price: Factors influencing pricing decisions.
  • Distribution: Concept and types of distribution channels, criteria for selection.
  • Promotion: Definition and components:
    • Advertising: Role and criticisms.
    • Personal Selling: Key qualities of an effective salesperson.
    • Sales Promotion: Methods and techniques.
    • Public Relations: Role and importance.

Unit 12: Consumer Protection

• Consumer Protection: Definition and importance.
• Consumer Protection Act, 1986: Key features, definition of a consumer, and consumer rights.
• Filing Complaints: Who can file, against whom, and the redressal process.
• Remedies and Awareness: Available remedies and the role of consumer organizations and NGOs.

Unit 13: Entrepreneurship Development

• Entrepreneurship: Concept, functions, and necessity.
• Entrepreneurial Traits: Essential characteristics and competencies.
• Development Process: Steps for fostering entrepreneurship.
• Values and Motivation: Entrepreneurial values, attitudes, and their significance.

Computer Science Course Syllabus

Unit 1: Fundamentals of Computing

• History and Evolution of Computers: Understanding the development of computing devices.
• Basics of Computer Operations: Functional components and their interconnections, the concept of booting, and the operating system's role in managing directories and files (e.g., listing, renaming, deleting, and formatting). Overview of copying files, understanding paths and pathnames, switching tasks, and application management (installation/removal).
• Character Encoding Standards: ASCII, ISCII (Indian Scripts Standard Code for Information Interchange), and UNICODE.
• Memory Types and Characteristics: Overview of cache memory (L1, L2), buffer memory, RAM (DRAM, SDRAM, RDRAM, DDRAM), and ROM (PROM, EPROM). Understanding access time.
• Basic Concepts in Computing: Definitions of the accumulator, instruction register, and program counter.

Unit 2: Microsoft Office Suite

Word Processing Software

• Key Functions: Opening, saving, and closing documents. Editing text, selecting, finding, and replacing content. Printing and creating merged documents.
• Formatting and Layout: Character and paragraph formatting, page design, and layout adjustments.
• Tools and Graphics: Spell-checking and corrections, incorporating graphics, creating tables and charts, and using templates and wizards.

Spreadsheet Software

• Core Concepts: Creating, saving, and editing spreadsheets; managing worksheets by inserting and deleting; data entry and formula usage.
• Functions and Formatting: Application of mathematical, logical, statistical, text, financial, date, and time functions with function wizards.
• Worksheet Enhancements: Formatting cells, adjusting data alignment, changing data formats, modifying fonts, adding borders and colors.
• Charts and Graphs: Designing, previewing, and modifying charts; integration of spreadsheets with word processors and web pages.

Unit 3: Networking and Web Technologies

• Internet Basics: Web browsing tools, internet surfing, and online chatting.
• Email Usage: Sending, receiving, and managing emails; handling electronic documents.
• Networking Fundamentals: Definitions and terminology (LAN, WAN, node, host, workstation, bandwidth).
• Network Components: Servers, clients, and communication media.

Unit 4: Fundamentals of C++ Programming

• Core Elements: C++ character set and tokens, including identifiers, keywords, constants, and operators.
• Program Structure: Components such as include files, the main function, and header files (e.g., iostream.h, iomanip.h).
• Input and Output: Utilization of cout, cin, I/O operators (<< and >>), and other elements like endl and setw.
• Basic Operations: Error handling, editor usage, basic commands for editing, compilation, linking, and execution.
• Standard C Functions: Incorporation of input/output operations using functions such as gets() and puts() from the stdio.h header file.

Unit 5: Java Programming Basics

• Programming Paradigms: Overview of programming languages and paradigms.
• Introduction to Java: Java's definition, applications, platform independence, and comparison with C and C++.
• Role of Java in Industry: Importance and contributions of Java developers.
• Java Overview: Evolution, history, and features of Java. Understanding the Java Virtual Machine (JVM), bytecode, JDK, JRE, and JIT.
• Language Features: Data types, operators, control structures, arrays, enhanced for-loops, enumerated types, and variable arguments.
• C-style Input/Output: Working with formatted I/O.

Economics Course Syllabus

Unit 1: Introduction to Economics

• Microeconomics and Macroeconomics: Definitions and distinctions.
• Understanding the Economy: Nature of an economy and its core problems: What to produce, how to produce, and for whom to produce.
• Key Concepts: Production possibility frontier and opportunity cost.

Unit 2: Consumer Equilibrium and Demand

• Consumer Equilibrium:
  • Utility and Marginal Utility: Law of diminishing marginal utility and its role in achieving equilibrium.
  • Marginal Utility Analysis: Conditions for equilibrium using utility maximization.
• Indifference Curve Approach:
  • Consumer Budget: Budget set and budget line.
  • Preferences and Equilibrium: Indifference curve, indifference map, and equilibrium conditions.
• Demand Concepts:
  • Meaning of demand: Market demand and factors influencing demand.
  • Demand Schedule and Curve: Slope, movement along, and shifts in the curve.
  • Price Elasticity of Demand: Influencing factors and measurement using percentage-change and geometric methods. Relationship between price elasticity and total expenditure.

Unit 3: Producer Behavior and Supply

• Production Function:
  • Short-run and Long-run: Total, average, and marginal products.
  • Returns to a Factor: Analysis of output changes with varying input levels.
• Costs and Revenues:
  • Short-run Costs: Total, fixed, and variable costs.
  • Average and Marginal Costs: Definitions and interrelationships.
  • Revenue Types: Total, average, and marginal revenue; their relationships.
• Producer Equilibrium: Conditions using the marginal revenue-marginal cost approach.
• Supply Analysis:
  • Definition of supply: Market supply, and determinants of supply.
  • Supply Curve: Slope, movements along, and shifts in the curve.
  • Price Elasticity of Supply: Influencing factors and measurement through percentage-change and geometric methods.

Unit 4: Market Forms and Price Determination

• Perfect Competition: Characteristics and market equilibrium determination; impact of demand and supply shifts.
• Other Market Structures: Overview of monopoly, monopolistic competition, and oligopoly with their features.
• Applications of Demand and Supply: Effects of price ceilings and price floors.

Unit 5: National Income and Aggregates

• Basic Concepts: Consumption and capital goods, final and intermediate goods, stocks, flows, gross investment, and depreciation.
• Circular Income Flow: Understanding income flow in the economy.
• National Income Calculation Methods: Value-added (product) method, expenditure method, and income method.
• National Income Aggregates: GNP, NNP, GDP, NDP at market price and factor cost.
• National disposable income: Gross and net, private income, personal income, and personal disposable income.
• Real vs. Nominal GDP: Their impact on welfare.

Unit 6: Money and Banking

• Money: Definition and key functions.
• Money Supply: Role of currency held by the public and net demand deposits in banks.
• Money Creation: Process through the commercial banking system.
• Central Bank Functions: Example of the Reserve Bank of India:
  • Issuing currency, acting as a banker to the government and other banks.
  • Controlling credit using instruments such as the bank rate, CRR, SLR, repo and reverse repo rates, open market operations, and margin requirements.

Unit 7: Income and Employment Determination

• Aggregate Demand: Definition and components.
• Consumption and Saving Propensities: Average and marginal propensities to consume and save.
• Equilibrium Output: Short-run determination and investment multiplier mechanism.
• Employment Concepts: Full employment and involuntary unemployment.
• Demand Imbalances: Excess and deficient demand and corrective measures through government spending, taxes, and money supply adjustments.

Unit 8: Government Budget and Economy

• Government Budget: Meaning, objectives, and components.
• Classification of Receipts: Revenue and capital receipts.
• Classification of Expenditure: Revenue and capital expenditure.
• Government Deficits: Definitions of revenue deficit, fiscal deficit, and primary deficit.

Unit 9: Balance of Payments and Exchange Rates

• Balance of Payments: Components and meaning of balance of payments deficits.
• Exchange Rates: Definitions of fixed, flexible, and managed floating exchange rates.
• Market Exchange Rate: Determination in a free-market system.

English Language Proficiency Course Syllabus

Unit 1: Grammar

• Key Concepts:
  • Subject-verb agreement.
  • Usage of tenses and time expressions.
  • Parallel sentence construction.
  • Correct application of relative pronouns.
  • Understanding and using determiners and prepositions.
  • Modals for expressing possibilities, permissions, and obligations.
  • Effective use of adjectives and voice (active/passive).
  • Sentence transformation techniques.
  • Formulating appropriate question tags.
  • Mastery of phrasal verbs in context.

Unit 2: Vocabulary Development

• Focus Areas:
  • Expanding knowledge of synonyms and antonyms.
  • Identifying the odd word in a group.
  • Understanding one-word substitutions.
  • Arranging jumbled letters to form meaningful words.
  • Differentiating between homophones.
  • Correct spelling usage.
  • Deriving contextual meanings of words.
  • Solving analogies to understand word relationships.

Unit 3: Reading Comprehension

• Skills to Develop:
  • Analyzing and understanding the main content and ideas of passages.
  • Expanding vocabulary through contextual reading.
  • Identifying referents within a text.
  • Interpreting idiomatic expressions and phrases.
  • Reconstructing sentences or passages to convey the same meaning in different wording.

Unit 4: Written Composition

• Key Elements:
  • Rearranging sentences to improve coherence and logical flow.
  • Ensuring paragraph unity and consistency.
  • Using linkers and connective words effectively to maintain fluency in writing.

General Knowledge and General Studies Syllabus

General Knowledge

1. Nations and States:
   • Overview of nations and states, including their political and geographical significance.
2. Nicknames and Epithets:
   • Popular sobriquets for cities, countries, and regions.
3. Countries, Capitals, and Currencies:
   • Comprehensive list of world nations with their capitals and official currencies.
4. Sports:
   • Major sports events, personalities, and records.
5. Inventions and Discoveries:
   • Significant innovations and their inventors.
6. Books and Authors:
   • Renowned literary works and their authors.
7. General Awareness:
   • Basic general knowledge across various domains.
8. Famous Personalities:
   • Biographies and achievements of notable figures.
9. Awards and Honors:
   • Prestigious national and international awards and their recipients.
10. World Geography:
    • Key geographical features, regions, and phenomena.
11. Prominent Places in India:
    • Significant landmarks and heritage sites across India.
12. Important Days and Observances:
    • International and national commemorative days and their significance.
13. Global Organizations:
    • Overview of major world organizations and their functions.
14. Teaching and Research Aptitude:
    • Concepts related to pedagogy and academic research.
15. Environmental Science:
    • Basic concepts of environmental conservation and sustainability.
16. Abbreviations:
    • Commonly used acronyms in various fields.
17. Government Initiatives and Schemes:
    • Key policies and programs introduced by the government.
18. Business, Economy, and Banking:
    • Fundamentals of economics, banking terms, and market trends.
19. Defence:
    • Indian defence system and significant military operations.
20. Reports and Indices:
    • Global and national reports along with key indices.
21. Environment and Biodiversity:
    • Conservation efforts and major biodiversity hotspots.
22. Notable Persons and Awards in News:
    • Current affairs related to prominent personalities and recognitions.
23. Places in the News:
    • Locations gaining prominence due to recent events.
24. Major Sporting Events:
    • Highlights from recent sports tournaments and achievements.
25. Science and Technology:
    • Innovations, advancements, and key discoveries in science and tech.
26. Summits and Conferences:
    • Important international and national meetings and their outcomes.
27. International General Knowledge:
    • Events, agreements, and alliances of global significance.
28. Art and Culture:
    • Traditional art forms, cultural practices, and heritage monuments.

General Studies

1. Science and Society:
   • Role of scientific advancements in societal development.
2. Contemporary Issues in Indian Society:
   • Social challenges and reforms in modern India.
3. India’s Cultural Heritage:
   • An overview of India’s rich cultural history and traditions.
4. Indian Freedom Movement:
   • Milestones and personalities of the struggle for independence.
5. Constitutional Principles:
   • Key features, values, and objectives enshrined in the Indian Constitution.
6. Human Rights:
   • Understanding fundamental rights and their global relevance.

Geography Syllabus

Introduction

This curriculum aims to evaluate the learner's understanding and practical application of geographical concepts in real-world scenarios. It tests fundamental knowledge of geographical terms, comprehension of geographical phenomena, and the ability to apply these elements effectively.

UNIT 1: Nature, Scope, and Branches of Geography

• Nature and Scope of Geography:
  • The significance and scope of geography as a discipline.
• Branches of Geography:
  • Overview of physical, human, and environmental geography.
  • Interconnections between branches and their practical applications.
• Population and Migration:
  • Key terms and concepts related to population dynamics and migration patterns.

UNIT 2: Social, Economic, Cultural, and Political Geography

• Social Geography:
  • Human interactions and societal development in relation to geographic spaces.
• Economic Geography:
  • Study of resources, industries, trade, and economic systems from a geographical perspective.
• Cultural Geography:
  • Exploration of cultural diversity and its spatial distribution.
• Political Geography:
  • Examination of geopolitical boundaries, governance, and territorial organization.

UNIT 3: Terms Related to Physical Geography

• Biogeography:
  • Study of the distribution of flora and fauna across the Earth.
• Oceanography:
  • Concepts related to ocean currents, marine ecosystems, and oceanic phenomena.
• Urban and Rural Geography:
  • Comparative analysis of urbanization and rural development.
• Economic Geography:
  • Geographic distribution and utilization of resources.

UNIT 4: Geomorphology and Physical Features

• Rocks and Minerals:
  • Types, formation, and classification of rocks.
• Volcanoes and Earthquakes:
  • Causes, effects, and global distribution of volcanic and seismic activity.
• Tides and Coral Reefs:
  • Mechanisms of tidal movements and types of coral reef systems.
• Air Masses and Jet Streams:
  • Characteristics of air masses, their impact on weather, and the role of jet streams.
• Cyclones and Rainfall:
  • Types of cyclones and rainfall patterns, along with their causes and effects.

हिंदी

खंड (अ): बोध क्षमता

• अपठित गद्यांश:
  • गद्य या काव्य पर आधारित: विश्लेषणात्मक और व्याख्यात्मक प्रश्न (1x4)।
  • वस्तुनिष्ठ प्रश्न: सात लघु-उत्तरात्मक प्रश्न (2x7)।
• अपठित काव्यांश:
  • विश्लेषणात्मक और व्याख्यात्मक पाँच लघु-उत्तरात्मक प्रश्न (1x5)।

खंड (ब): कार्यात्मक हिंदी और रचनात्मक लेखन

• किसी एक विषय पर निबंध:
  • एक विशेष विषय पर विचारों की विस्तृत अभिव्यक्ति।
• कार्यालयी पत्र:
  • कार्यालयी पत्र का निर्माण।
  • प्रिंट माध्यम, मानपत्र, रिपोर्ट, आदेश आदि पर आधारित अतिरिक्त प्रश्न।
• पुस्तक समीक्षा:
  • किसी एक विषय पर आधिकारिक अथवा सामान्य स्थिति में पूरी पुस्तक की समीक्षा।
• विशेष लेखन:
  • जीवन-संदर्भों से जुड़ी घटनाओं और स्थितियों पर विशेष लेखन।

खंड (स): पाठ्यपुस्तक

1) पाठ्यभाग-2 (काव्य भाग)

• कविताओं में से किसी एक का अध्ययन कर चार प्रश्न (2x4)
• कविताओं में से किसी एक कवि पर तीन प्रश्न (2x3)।
• विश्लेषणात्मक और व्याख्यात्मक प्रश्न (3+3)।

2) पाठ्यभाग-2 (गद्य पाठ्यपुस्तक)

• गद्यांश पर आधारित व्याख्यात्मक प्रश्न (2+2+2)।
• पाठ की विविधताओं पर आधारित आलोचनात्मक प्रश्न (3+3+3)।
• पाठ की विविधताओं पर आधारित मूल्यपरक प्रश्न (1x5)।
• विषयवस्तु पर दीर्घ निबंधात्मक प्रश्न (5+5)।

History Syllabus

• Early Civilizations: The Harappan Culture
  • Exploration of ancient cities through archaeological findings.
• Political and Economic Narratives
  • Understanding historical events through inscriptions and epigraphic records.
• Social Structures in Ancient India
  • Insights into society using literary sources like the Mahabharata.
• Buddhism in History
  • Studying the Sanchi Stupa and its significance.
• Agrarian Economy in Medieval India
  • Analysis of land relations through the Ain-i-Akbari.
• The Mughal Empire: A Historical Perspective
  • Examining the Mughal court through chronicles and records.
• Architectural Marvels of the Past
  • The study of Hampi and its architectural significance.
• Religious Movements
  • Exploring the Bhakti and Sufi traditions and their influence.
• Medieval Society through Travelogues
  • Understanding medieval life through accounts of travelers.
• Colonialism and Rural India
  • Examining rural society through official colonial reports.
• The Revolt of 1857
  • Analyzing representations of the First War of Independence.
• Colonial Urbanization
  • Study of Indian towns through town plans and municipal records.
• Mahatma Gandhi in Historical Context
  • Viewing Gandhi’s philosophy and leadership through contemporary perspectives.
• Partition of India
  • Understanding the Partition through oral histories and personal accounts.
• Framing the Indian Constitution
  • The process of drafting the Constitution and its historical importance.

Legal Studies Syllabus

Legal Aptitude

1. Fundamentals of Legal Concepts and Principles.
2. The Indian Constitution and its Framework.
3. Indian Polity and Governance.
4. Legal Reasoning and Problem-Solving Skills.
5. Important Legal Maxims and their Applications.

General Studies

1. History: Key historical events and their relevance.
2. Environment: Basic environmental concepts and issues.
3. Geography: Fundamentals of physical and political geography.
4. Economics: Introduction to economic principles and policies.
5. Polity: Political systems and structures.
6. General Science: Scientific concepts and discoveries.
7. General Knowledge: Important facts and events (up to Class 12 level).

Current Affairs

1. National and International Events of Current Importance.
2. Focus on Legal Developments and Aspects in Current Events.

Reasoning

1. Puzzles and Analytical Thinking.
2. Logical Groupings and Sets.
3. Number Series and Sequential Patterns.
4. Blood Relations and Logical Family Structures.
5. Recognizing and Solving Logical Patterns.

Logical Reasoning Syllabus

Logical Reasoning Topics

1. Coding and Decoding: Understanding and solving coded patterns.
2. Direction Sense: Navigational and directional problem-solving.
3. Clocks and Calendars: Time and date-related reasoning.
4. Syllogisms: Deductive reasoning and logic-based problem-solving.
5. Cubes and Dice: Visualization and interpretation of three-dimensional objects.
6. Alphabet Series: Sequencing and pattern recognition using alphabets.
7. Blood Relations: Solving family-related puzzles and logical connections.
8. Input-Output: Analyzing and interpreting data processing sequences.
9. Seating Arrangements: Solving puzzles involving arrangements in linear and circular formats.
10. Inequalities: Understanding and solving inequality-based reasoning questions.

Image-Based Reasoning

1. Mirror Image: Identifying mirrored reflections of figures.
2. Water Image: Analyzing water-reflected images.
3. Embedded Images: Identifying hidden figures within larger designs.

Non-Verbal Reasoning

1. Non-Verbal Analogies: Solving analogies based on shapes and patterns.
2. Non-Verbal Series: Identifying sequences in non-verbal patterns.
3. Pattern Completion: Completing partial patterns and sequences.
4. Odd-One-Out: Identifying anomalies in groups of patterns.
5. Paper Folding and Cutting: Visualizing outcomes of folded or cut paper.

Symbol-Based Reasoning

1. Symboperations: Solving problems involving operations with symbols.

Mathematics Syllabus

Unit 1: Sets, Relations, and Functions

• Sets: Representation of sets; operations on sets such as union, intersection, and complement, along with their algebraic properties; power set.
• Relations: Types of relations, equivalence relations.
• Functions: Concepts of one-to-one, onto, and into functions; composition of functions.

Unit 2: Complex Numbers and Quadratic Equations

• Complex Numbers: Representation as ordered pairs of real numbers, standard form a+ib, and graphical representation on the Argand plane.
• Operations: Addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, modulus, and argument (amplitude) of a complex number.
• Applications: Finding square roots of complex numbers.

Unit 3: Matrices and Determinants

• Matrices: Definitions, algebraic operations, and classification (types of matrices).
• Determinants: Evaluation, properties, and use in calculating the area of triangles.
• Inverse of Matrices: Adjoint method and elementary transformations.
• Applications: Test for consistency and solving systems of linear equations (up to three variables).

Unit 4: Binomial Theorem

• Expansion for positive integral indices, general and middle terms, properties of binomial coefficients, and elementary applications.

Unit 5: Sequences and Series

• Progressions: Arithmetic and geometric sequences, insertion of means (A.M. and G.M.) between two numbers.
• Relationship: Connection between arithmetic mean and geometric mean.

Unit 6: Limits, Continuity, and Differentiability

• Functions: Real-valued functions, algebra of functions (polynomials, rational, trigonometric, logarithmic, and exponential functions).
• Calculus: Concepts of limits, continuity, and differentiation; rules for differentiation (sum, product, quotient, and composite functions).
• Theorems: Rolle's and Lagrange’s Mean Value Theorems.

Unit 7: Integral Calculus

• Integration: Definition as an antiderivative; fundamental integrals involving algebraic, trigonometric, exponential, and logarithmic functions.
• Methods: Integration by substitution, by parts, and partial fractions; use of trigonometric identities.
• Applications: Definite integrals, properties, and area calculations under simple curves.

Unit 8: Differential Equations

• Basics: Order, degree, and formation of ordinary differential equations.
• Solutions: Separation of variables, homogeneous and linear differential equations of the form dydx+p(x)y=q(x)\frac{dy}{dx} + p(x)y = q(x).

Unit 9: Coordinate Geometry

• Plane Geometry: Cartesian coordinates, distance formula, section formula, and equations of loci.
• Lines: Various forms of line equations, intersection, angles, conditions for concurrency, and distance of a point from a line.
• Circles: Equations in standard and general forms, radius, center, tangents, and intersections of lines and circles.

Unit 10: Three-Dimensional Geometry

• Coordinates: Points in space, distance formula, section formula, direction ratios, and direction cosines.
• Lines and Planes: Equations of lines and planes, intersections, and conditions for coplanarity.
• Skew Lines: Shortest distance and its equation.

Unit 11: Vector Algebra

• Basics: Vectors and scalars, addition and components in two and three dimensions.
• Products: Scalar and vector products, triple scalar and vector products.

Unit 12: Statistics and Probability

• Statistics: Measures of dispersion—mean, median, mode, standard deviation, variance, and mean deviation for grouped and ungrouped data.
• Probability: Basic concepts, addition and multiplication theorems, Bayes’ theorem, probability distributions, Bernoulli trials, and binomial distribution.

Unit 13: Trigonometry

• Functions: Trigonometric and inverse trigonometric functions, their domains, ranges, properties, and graphs.
• Identities: Fundamental identities (sin²x + cos²x = 1), addition and subtraction formulas, and double/triple angle identities.
• Applications: Solving equations, heights and distances, and transformations using trigonometric identities.

Mathematics Syllabus (Lateral Entry)

Unit 1: Algebra

• Complex Numbers: Definition, representation, modulus, and amplitude.
• Logarithms: Fundamental concepts and properties.
• Partial Fractions: Decomposition into linear factors, repeated linear factors, and irreducible quadratic factors (excluding repeated factors).
• Combinatorics: Definition and application of nPr and nCr (permutations and combinations).
• Binomial Theorem: Expansion for positive integral indices, general term; expansion for any index (without proof), and first and second binomial approximations with engineering applications.
• Determinants and Matrices:
  • Determinants up to third order: Evaluation using properties and otherwise.
  • Solving systems of linear equations (up to three unknowns) using Cramer’s Rule.
  • Matrices: Definition, types, operations (addition, subtraction, multiplication) up to third order.
  • Minors, cofactors, and finding the inverse using the adjoint method (up to third order).
  • Application to solve simultaneous linear equations (up to three variables).
  • Using determinants to calculate the area of a triangle.

Unit 2: Trigonometry

• Angles: Concept of angles measured in degrees, grades, and radians, and conversion between these units.
• Trigonometric Ratios:
  • Ratios for allied angles (without proof).
  • Sum and difference formulas and their applications (without proof).
  • Product-to-sum and sum-to-product transformations.
  • Ratios for multiple and sub-multiple angles (e.g., 2A, 3A, A/2).
• Applications: Solving engineering problems involving angles of elevation, height, distance, and related scenarios.

Unit 3: Coordinate Geometry

• Coordinate Systems: Cartesian and polar coordinates (two-dimensional), conversion between the two.
• Lines:
  • Slope and equations of lines in various forms (slope-intercept, intercept, one-point, two-point, symmetric, normal, and general forms).
  • Intersection of two lines, concurrency of lines, angle between lines, parallel and perpendicular lines.
  • Perpendicular distance from a point to a line.
  • Conversion of general form of a line’s equation into other standard forms.
• Circles:
  • General equation of a circle and its characteristics.
  • Deriving the equation of a circle given specific parameters.

ME-Automobile Engineering Syllabus

Unit 1: Engineering Mechanics and Mechanics of Materials

Engineering Mechanics:

• Analysis of free-body diagrams and equilibrium conditions.
• Friction and its applications: rolling friction, belt-pulley systems, brakes, clutches, screw jacks, wedges, and vehicles.
• Trusses and frames.
• Principles of virtual work.
• Plane motion kinematics and dynamics of rigid bodies.
• Concepts of impulse, momentum (linear and angular), and energy-based formulations.
• Introduction to Lagrange’s equations.

Mechanics of Materials:

• Stress-strain relationships, elastic constants, and Poisson's ratio.
• Mohr’s circle for analyzing plane stress and strain.
• Applications in thin-walled cylinders.
• Shear force and bending moment diagrams.
• Analysis of bending and shear stresses, and the concept of shear center.
• Deflection calculations for beams and torsional analysis of circular shafts.
• Euler’s column theory and energy methods.
• Analysis of thermal stresses.
• Use of strain gauges, rosettes, and material testing (universal testing machine, hardness tests, and impact strength evaluation).

Unit 2: Theory of Machines, Vibrations, and Machine Design

Theory of Machines:

• Stress-strain relationships, elastic constants, and Poisson's ratio.
• Mohr’s circle for analyzing plane stress and strain.
• Applications in thin-walled cylinders.
• Shear force and bending moment diagrams.
• Analysis of bending and shear stresses, and the concept of shear center.
• Deflection calculations for beams and torsional analysis of circular shafts.
• Euler’s column theory and energy methods.
• Analysis of thermal stresses.
• Use of strain gauges, rosettes, and material testing (universal testing machine, hardness tests, and impact strength evaluation).

Vibrations:

• Free and forced vibration analysis of single-degree-of-freedom systems, including damping effects.
• Concepts of vibration isolation and resonance.
• Analysis of critical speeds in shafts.

Machine Design:

• Design under static and dynamic loading conditions.
• Failure theories and fatigue analysis using S-N curves.
• Design principles for machine components: bolted, riveted, and welded joints; shafts; gears; bearings; brakes; clutches; and springs.

Unit 3: Fluid Mechanics

• Properties of fluids, fluid statics, and forces on submerged objects.
• Stability analysis of floating bodies.
• Mass, momentum, and energy conservation using control-volume analysis.
• Fluid acceleration and governing differential equations (continuity and momentum).
• Bernoulli’s equation and its applications.
• Dimensional analysis and similitude.
• Analysis of viscous incompressible flows, boundary layer behavior, and elementary turbulent flows.
• Fluid flow in pipes: head losses, and flow through bends and fittings.
• Basics of compressible fluid dynamics.

Unit 4: Heat Transfer and Thermodynamics

Heat Transfer:

• Modes of heat transfer: conduction, convection, and radiation.
• One-dimensional heat conduction, resistance models, and electrical analogies.
• Heat transfer in fins and unsteady heat conduction using lumped parameter models and Heisler’s charts.
• Boundary layer behavior in free and forced convection; correlations for flow over flat plates and pipes.
• Analysis of heat exchanger performance using LMTD and NTU methods.
• Principles of radiative heat transfer: Stefan-Boltzmann law, Wien’s displacement law, and grey and blackbody analysis.

Thermodynamics:

• Thermodynamic systems and processes; ideal and real gas behavior.
• Laws of thermodynamics (zeroth, first, and second laws).
• Work and heat calculations for various thermodynamic processes.
• Availability and irreversibility concepts.
• Thermodynamic relations and property tables/charts.

Applications:

• Power Engineering: Analysis of air and gas compressors; gas and vapor power cycles with concepts of regeneration and reheat.
• Internal Combustion Engines: Study of air-standard Otto, Diesel, and dual cycles.
• Refrigeration and Air Conditioning: Vapor and gas refrigeration cycles; psychrometric chart and processes.
• Turbomachinery: Impulse and reaction principles; velocity diagrams for Pelton wheel, Francis, and Kaplan turbines; steam and gas turbine systems.

Unit 5: Engineering Materials and Manufacturing Processes

Engineering Materials:

• Structure, properties, and phase diagrams of engineering materials.
• Heat treatment processes and stress-strain relationships.

Casting, Forming, and Joining Processes:

• Types of casting processes, design considerations for patterns, molds, and cores.
• Solidification and cooling; riser and gating design.
• Fundamentals of plastic deformation and yield criteria.
• Hot and cold working processes; load estimation for bulk and sheet metal forming.
• Principles of powder metallurgy.
• Joining processes: welding, brazing, soldering, and adhesive bonding.

Unit 6: Machining, Metrology, and Computer Integrated Manufacturing

Machining and Machine Tool Operations:

• Principles of machining and mechanics of cutting.
• Overview of machine tools and cutting tools (single and multi-point), tool geometry, and materials.
• Tool life, wear, and economics of machining.
• Non-traditional machining methods.
• Work-holding devices, jigs, and fixtures.
• Abrasive machining processes.
• Fundamentals of NC/CNC machines and programming.

Metrology and Inspection:

• Concepts of limits, fits, and tolerances.
• Methods for linear and angular measurements.
• Use of comparators and interferometers.
• Surface finish and form measurement techniques.
• Testing and alignment methods.
• Coordinate Measuring Machines (CMM) and tolerance analysis in manufacturing.

Computer Integrated Manufacturing:

• Core concepts of CAD/CAM systems and integration tools.
• Fundamentals of additive manufacturing technologies.

ME-CSE

Subject 1: Digital Logic and Circuits

• Basics of Boolean Algebra and its application in circuit design.
• Logic gates and their functions.
• Number systems and their representations.
• Techniques for logic minimization, including Karnaugh maps.
• Multiplexers, decoders, and encoders.
• Shift registers and their usage in circuits.
• Computer arithmetic: Fixed and floating-point number representations.
• Design and analysis of combinational and sequential circuits.

Subject 2: Computer Organization and Architecture

• Structure of machine instructions and addressing modes.
• Design of Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU), data paths, and control units.
• Instruction pipelining and pipeline hazards.
• Memory organization and hierarchy: Cache, main memory, and secondary storage.
• Input/Output interfaces: Interrupts and Direct Memory Access (DMA).
• Associative memory and its applications.

Subject 3: Data Structures and Programming

Programming in C/C++:

• Procedural and object-oriented programming paradigms.
• Core concepts of classes, objects, inheritance, polymorphism, and file handling.
• Constructors and destructors in object-oriented programming.

Data Structures:

• Arrays, linked lists (single, double, and circular).
• Recursion and its applications.
• Stacks, queues, and their variations.
• Trees: Binary trees, Binary Search Trees, AVL trees, heaps, and Red-Black trees.
• Graphs: Representation, traversal (DFS and BFS), and applications.
• Pointers and array of pointers.

Subject 4: Algorithms

• Asymptotic analysis: Best-case, average-case, and worst-case complexities.
• Space and time complexity analysis.
• Algorithmic paradigms: Divide and conquer, greedy, and dynamic programming.
• Graph algorithms: Depth-First Search (DFS), Breadth-First Search (BFS), Minimum Spanning Trees (Prim's and Kruskal's algorithms), and shortest path algorithms (Dijkstra’s and Floyd-Warshall).
• Searching and sorting techniques: Insertion sort, selection sort, quick sort, merge sort, heap sort, and counting sort.
• Hashing methods and applications.
• String matching algorithms: Knuth-Morris-Pratt (KMP), Rabin-Karp, and Naïve algorithms.
• Suffix trees and their applications.

Subject 5: Theory of Computation

• Regular expressions and finite automata.
• Context-free grammars and pushdown automata.
• Properties of regular and context-free languages.
• Pumping lemma for proving non-regular and non-context-free languages.
• Introduction to Turing machines and problems of undecidability.

Subject 6: Compiler Design

• Phases of a compiler: Lexical analysis, syntax analysis, and syntax-directed translation.
• Runtime environments and intermediate code generation.
• Local optimization techniques.
• Data flow analysis: Constant propagation, liveness analysis, and elimination of common subexpressions.

Subject 7: Operating Systems

• Overview and need for operating systems.
• Functions of an operating system.
• Multi-programming and multi-tasking systems.
• Processes and threads: States, scheduling (preemptive and non-preemptive).
• Inter-process communication techniques using semaphores.
• CPU and I/O scheduling algorithms.
• Deadlock prevention and detection using Banker's algorithm.
• Disk scheduling and RAID storage structures.
• Memory management: Paging, segmentation, and virtual memory.

Subject 8: Database Management Systems

• Entity-Relationship (ER) modeling.
• Relational model and relational algebra: Operations like SELECT, PROJECT, JOIN, DIVISION, and other set-based operations.
• Tuple and domain relational calculus.
• SQL: Query formation and execution.
• Integrity constraints and normalization techniques.
• Transactions and concurrency control mechanisms.
• File organization and indexing methods (B-trees and B+ trees).
• Database recovery techniques.

Subject 9: Computer Networks

• OSI and TCP/IP reference models.
• Transmission modes: Simplex, half-duplex, and full-duplex.
• Switching techniques: Circuit switching and packet switching.
• Functions of OSI layers.
• Data link layer concepts: Framing, error detection, and correction.
• IP addressing schemes, subnet masking, and Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR).
• Network Address Translation (NAT).
• Routing algorithms: Dijkstra’s algorithm, flooding, and distance-vector routing.
• Internet protocols: ARP, RARP, and DHCP.
• Transport layer concepts: TCP and UDP protocols.
• Application layer protocols: SMTP, HTTP, and FTP.

Subject 10: Engineering Mathematics

Discrete Mathematics:

• Logical reasoning: Propositional and first-order logic.
• Algebraic structures: Monoids and groups.
• Graph theory: Connectivity, graph coloring, and matching.
• Sets, relations, functions, partial orders, and lattices.
• Combinatorics: Counting principles, recurrence relations, and generating functions.

Linear Algebra:

• Matrices and determinants.
• Solving linear equations and matrix decompositions (e.g., LU decomposition).
• Eigenvalues and eigenvectors.

Calculus:

• Limits, continuity, and differentiability.
• Maxima and minima problems.
• Mean value theorems.
• Integration techniques.

Probability and Statistics:

• Random variables and their distributions (uniform, normal, exponential, Poisson, and binomial).
• Measures of central tendency: Mean, median, and mode.
• Measures of dispersion: Variance and standard deviation.
• Conditional probability and Bayes' theorem.

ME-Civil Engineering

Structural Engineering

Engineering Mechanics:

• Systems of forces and their equilibrium; Free-body diagrams; Internal forces in structural elements.
• Applications of friction in engineering problems.
• Center of mass calculations for different shapes.
• Analysis of free vibrations in single-degree-of-freedom (SDOF) systems.

Solid Mechanics:

• Shear force and bending moment diagrams for beams.
• Fundamental stress-strain relationships.
• Theories of simple bending and shear, flexural stresses, and shear center concepts.
• Torsion in circular shafts, stress transformation, and column buckling theories.
• Analysis of combined stresses in bending and axial loads.

Structural Analysis:

• Determinate and indeterminate structural analysis using force and energy methods.
• Superposition principles for structural systems.
• Analysis techniques for trusses, arches, beams, cables, and frames.
• Displacement methods such as slope-deflection and moment distribution.
• Influence lines for determinate and indeterminate structures.
• Application of stiffness and flexibility matrix methods.

Construction Materials and Management:

• Materials: Properties and behavior of structural steel, concrete constituents, mix design, and durability considerations.
• Management: Project types, planning techniques, and network models like PERT and CPM.
• Cost estimation principles.

Concrete Structures:

• Design principles using working stress and limit state methods.
• Beams, slabs, and columns design, including bond and development length requirements.
• Basics of prestressed concrete design.

Steel Structures:

• Design of tension and compression members, beams, beam-columns, and column bases.
• Beam-column connections, plate girders, and trusses.
• Principles of plastic analysis for beams and frames.

Geotechnical Engineering

Soil Mechanics:

• Soil properties and classification systems (Unified and Indian standards).
• Permeability and seepage analysis in soils, including flow nets and capillarity.
• Effective stress principles and quicksand conditions.
• Soil compaction and consolidation theories.
• Shear strength analysis using Mohr’s circle and stress-strain characteristics of soil types.
• Stress paths for different loading conditions.

Foundation Engineering:

• Subsurface exploration methods, including plate load, standard penetration, and cone penetration tests.
• Earth pressure theories (Rankine and Coulomb) and slope stability methods like Bishop’s analysis.
• Stress distribution in soils using Boussinesq’s theory and pressure bulbs.
• Bearing capacity calculations for shallow foundations and the effects of water table variations.
• Combined footing and raft foundation design; Settlement analysis for sands and clays.
• Design principles for deep foundations, including pile load testing and lateral loading analysis.

Water Resources Engineering

Fluid Mechanics:

• Properties and behavior of fluids under static and dynamic conditions.
• Conservation equations for continuity, momentum, and energy with applications.
• Laminar and turbulent flow concepts, boundary layer growth, lift, and drag forces.

Hydraulics:

• Forces on submerged and floating bodies.
• Measurement of flow in pipes and open channels.
• Dimensional analysis and hydraulic similitude.
• Energy-depth relationships in channel flow, specific energy, and critical flow.
• Analysis of uniform and gradually varied flow, hydraulic jump, and water surface profiles.

Hydrology:

• Water cycle components: precipitation, evaporation, infiltration, and watershed modeling.
• Hydrograph and unit hydrograph analysis, reservoir capacity, and flood routing.
• Groundwater hydrology and steady-state well hydraulics based on Darcy’s law.

Irrigation:

• Irrigation types and methods; Crop water requirements and calculations.
• Design of gravity dams, spillways, and cross-drainage structures.
• Design principles for lined and unlined canals and weirs on permeable foundations.

Environmental Engineering

Water and Wastewater Treatment:

• Standards for water quality based on physical, chemical, and biological parameters.
• Design of water distribution and sewage systems.
• Processes for primary and secondary treatment of wastewater.
• Sludge disposal techniques and reuse of treated water.

Air Pollution:

• Pollutant types, their sources, and environmental impacts.
• Air pollution control methods and air quality standards.

Solid Waste Management:

• Characteristics, collection, and transportation of solid waste.
• Techniques for waste recycling, energy recovery, treatment, and disposal.

Transportation Engineering

Transportation Infrastructure:

• Highway geometric design including sight distances, cross-sectional elements, and alignments.
• Railway track design, including speed and cant calculations.
• Airport runway design parameters and corrections, including taxiway layout.

Highway Pavements:

• Properties and testing of highway construction materials.
• Design of flexible and rigid pavements based on IRC standards.

Traffic Engineering:

• Traffic flow, speed studies, and accident analysis.
• Design of traffic signals using Webster’s method.
• Parameters of traffic flow and highway capacity analysis.

Geomatics Engineering

Surveying principles:

• Surveying principles, including error minimization and adjustment techniques.
• Map scales, coordinate systems, and distance/angle measurement.
• Techniques for leveling and trigonometric leveling.
• Traversing, triangulation, and the use of modern instruments like total stations.
• Basics of photogrammetry, flying height calculations, and remote sensing.
• Introduction to GIS and its applications in surveying.

ME-ECE Syllabus

Section 1: Networks, Signals, and Systems

Circuit Analysis:

• Techniques for circuit analysis: Node and mesh methods, superposition principle, Thevenin and Norton equivalents, reciprocity theorem.
• Sinusoidal steady-state analysis using phasors, calculation of complex power, and conditions for maximum power transfer.

Time and Frequency Domain Analysis:

• Analysis of RL, RC, and RLC circuits using network equations and Laplace transform methods.
• Two-port network parameters and wye-delta transformations.

Continuous-Time Signals:

• Fourier series and Fourier transform techniques; Sampling theorem and its practical applications.

Discrete-Time Signals:

• Frequency domain representations using DTFT and DFT; z-transform for system analysis.
• Discrete-time processing of continuous-time signals.

Linear Time-Invariant (LTI) Systems:

• Properties: Causality, stability, and frequency response.
• Concepts of impulse response, convolution, poles and zeroes, group delay, and phase delay.

Section 2: Analog Circuits

• Diode Circuits: Applications in clipping, clamping, and rectifier designs.
• BJT and MOSFET Circuits: Biasing techniques, small signal modeling, AC coupling, and frequency response analysis.
• Current Mirrors and Differential Amplifiers: Design and applications.
• Op-Amp Circuits: Configurations for amplifiers, summers, differentiators, integrators, active filters, oscillators, and Schmitt triggers.

Section 3: Digital Circuits

• Number Systems: Representation of data in binary, integer, and floating-point formats.
• Combinational Circuits: Boolean algebra, function minimization (Boolean identities and Karnaugh maps), static CMOS logic gates, multiplexers, decoders, and arithmetic circuits.
• Sequential Circuits: Latches, flip-flops, counters, shift registers, finite state machines, propagation delay, setup and hold time, and critical path delay analysis.
• Data Converters: Design of sample-and-hold circuits, ADCs, and DACs.
• Semiconductor Memories: ROM, SRAM, and DRAM basics.
• Computer Organization: Concepts of machine instructions, addressing modes, ALU design, data-paths, control units, and instruction pipelining.

Section 3: Digital Circuits

• Number Systems: Representation of data in binary, integer, and floating-point formats.
• Combinational Circuits: Boolean algebra, function minimization (Boolean identities and Karnaugh maps), static CMOS logic gates, multiplexers, decoders, and arithmetic circuits.
• Sequential Circuits: Latches, flip-flops, counters, shift registers, finite state machines, propagation delay, setup and hold time, and critical path delay analysis.
• Data Converters: Design of sample-and-hold circuits, ADCs, and DACs.
• Semiconductor Memories: ROM, SRAM, and DRAM basics.
• Computer Organization: Concepts of machine instructions, addressing modes, ALU design, data-paths, control units, and instruction pipelining.

Section 4: Communications

• Random Processes: Autocorrelation, power spectral density, characteristics of white noise, and random signal filtering using LTI systems.
• Analog Communication: Techniques for amplitude and angle modulation/demodulation, spectrum analysis of AM and FM signals, and superheterodyne receiver principles.
• Information Theory: Fundamentals of entropy, mutual information, and the channel capacity theorem.
• Digital Communication:
  • PCM, DPCM, and various digital modulation schemes such as ASK, PSK, FSK, and QAM.
  • Bandwidth, inter-symbol interference, matched filter design, SNR, and BER.
  • Basics of error correction techniques, including Hamming codes and CRC.

Section 5: Electromagnetics

• Maxwell's Equations: Differential and integral forms, boundary conditions, wave equation, and Poynting vector analysis.
• Plane Waves: Concepts of reflection, refraction, polarization, phase velocity, group velocity, and wave propagation through various media.
• Transmission Lines: Characteristic impedance, impedance matching, impedance transformation, Smith chart, and S-parameters.
• Waveguides and Antennas: Rectangular and circular waveguides, optical fiber light propagation, dipole and monopole antennas, and linear antenna arrays.

ME - Electrical Engineering Syllabus

Electric Circuits

• Network Elements: Ideal sources (voltage and current), dependent sources, resistors (R), inductors (L), capacitors (C), and mutual inductance elements.
• Circuit Analysis Techniques: Kirchhoff's Current Law (KCL), Kirchhoff's Voltage Law (KVL), Node and Mesh analysis.
• Network Theorems: Thevenin’s, Norton’s, Superposition, and Maximum Power Transfer theorems.
• Transient and Steady-State Analysis: Transient response in DC and AC circuits, sinusoidal steady-state behavior, resonance phenomena.
• Advanced Topics: Two-port network parameters, balanced three-phase circuits, star-delta transformations, complex power, and power factor in AC systems.

Electromagnetic Fields

• Fundamental Laws: Coulomb's law, Gauss's law, Biot-Savart’s law, Ampere’s law, and Faraday’s law.
• Electric Fields: Electric field intensity, flux density, potential due to different charge configurations (point, line, plane, and sphere), dielectric effects, and capacitance calculations.
• Magnetic Fields: Magnetic circuits, magnetomotive force, reluctance, self and mutual inductance, and Lorentz force principles.

Signals and Systems

• Signal Representation: Continuous and discrete-time signals, properties of shifting and scaling.
• System Properties: Linear Time-Invariant (LTI) systems, causality, and stability.
• Fourier Analysis: Fourier series and Fourier transform for continuous and discrete-time periodic signals.
• Transforms: Laplace and z-transforms for signal processing applications.

Electrical Machines

• Transformers: Single-phase and three-phase transformer operation, equivalent circuits, phasor diagrams, regulation, and efficiency. Auto-transformers and vector group concepts.
• DC Machines: Characteristics, separately excited, series and shunt configurations, speed control, and operational modes (motoring and generating).
• Induction Machines: Principles, types, performance analysis, torque-speed characteristics, equivalent circuits, and methods for starting and speed control.
• Synchronous Machines: Cylindrical and salient pole designs, regulation, parallel operation, and synchronous motor principles.
• Efficiency: Losses in electrical machines and efficiency calculations.

Power Systems

• Generation and Transmission: Basics of AC/DC power generation, transmission concepts, and performance modeling of transmission lines.
• Load Dispatch and Compensation: Economic load dispatch (with and without losses), series and shunt compensation techniques.
• Fault Analysis: Symmetrical components and fault analysis for both symmetrical and unsymmetrical faults.
• Protection Systems: Principles of overcurrent, differential, directional, and distance protection, along with circuit breakers.
• System Analysis: Per-unit quantities, bus admittance matrix, Gauss-Seidel and Newton-Raphson load flow methods.
• Stability and Control: System stability concepts and voltage/frequency regulation.

Control Systems

• System Modeling: Mathematical models, feedback mechanisms, transfer functions, block diagrams, and signal flow graphs.
• Analysis: Transient and steady-state response analysis for LTI systems.
• Stability: Techniques using Routh-Hurwitz, Nyquist, root loci, and Bode plots.
• Controllers and Compensators: Lag, lead, lead-lag compensators, and P, PI, PID controllers.
• State-Space Methods: State-space modeling and solution of state equations.

Electrical and Electronic Measurements

• Measurement Techniques: Bridges and potentiometers for voltage, current, power, energy, and power factor measurement.
• Instrumentation: Instrument transformers, digital voltmeters, multimeters, phase, time, and frequency measurement devices.
• Oscilloscopes: Basics and applications in error analysis.

Analog and Digital Electronics

• Analog Circuits: Diode-based clipping and clamping circuits, rectifiers, amplifiers (biasing, equivalent circuits, and frequency response), oscillators, and feedback amplifiers.
• Operational Amplifiers: Characteristics, configurations, and applications in active filters, timers, and VCOs.
• Digital Circuits: Combinational and sequential logic design, multiplexers, demultiplexers, A/D and D/A converters, Schmitt triggers, and sample-hold circuits.

Power Electronics

• Switching Devices: Static characteristics of Thyristor, MOSFET, and IGBT; firing and gating circuits.
• DC-DC Converters: Design and operation of buck, boost, and buck-boost converters.
• Rectifiers and Inverters: Single-phase and three-phase uncontrolled rectifiers, voltage, and current source inverters, sinusoidal PWM.
• AC-DC Converters: Voltage and current commutated converters, analysis of line current harmonics, power factor, and distortion factors.

ME – Mechanical Engineering Syllabus

Applied Thermodynamics (ATD)

• Steam Generators: Types and classification of boilers, assessment of boiler performance (equivalent evaporation, efficiency, and heat balance), boiler trials, and calculation of chimney height for required draught.
• Steam Turbines: Overview and classification, pressure and velocity variations in impulse turbines.
• Condensers: Introduction, types, and components of steam condensing systems.
• Air Compressors: Construction and functioning of reciprocating air compressors, single-stage and multi-stage compression (with and without intercooling), representation on P-V and T-S diagrams.

Heat Transfer (HT)

• Conduction: Fundamental concepts, Fourier's law, thermal resistance, diffusivity, and conductivity. Methods for measuring thermal conductivity. Extended surface theory, types of fins, and their applications.
• Convection: Fundamentals of natural and forced convection, energy and momentum equations, dimensional analysis, and significance of dimensionless numbers.
• Radiation: Principles of radiation, key laws, intensity, and properties of radiating and diffuse surfaces.
• Heat Exchangers: Introduction, classification, and applications of heat exchangers.

Refrigeration and Air Conditioning (RAC)

• Vapor Compression and Air Cycle Systems: Review of refrigeration principles based on thermodynamics. Analysis and applications of vapor compression and air cycle refrigeration systems.

Manufacturing Technology and Processes

• Overview of Manufacturing Processes: Basics of metal forming, machining, casting, and joining methods, along with the importance of unconventional manufacturing techniques.
• Machine Tools and Operations: Fundamentals of machine tools, classification of cutting tools (single-point and multi-point), tool signatures, and tool materials.
• Non-Traditional Machining: Thermal energy-based methods such as electron beam machining, plasma arc machining, and laser beam machining.

Theory of Machines (TOM)

• Mechanisms and Machines: Introduction to kinematics and dynamics of machines, links, joints, kinematic pairs, chains, inversions, and Grashof’s criteria.
• Cams: Types of cams and followers, analysis of displacement, velocity, and acceleration.
• Gyroscopes: Principles of gyroscopic couples and their effects on vehicles and aircraft.
• Gears: Terminology, law of gearing, contact path, interference, methods to minimize interference, backlash, and a comparison of involute and cycloidal teeth.
• Brakes and Clutches: Types, operation, and applications.
• Dynamometers: Classification and working principles.

Engineering Mechanics (EM) and Strength of Materials (SOM)

• Stress and Strain: Definitions, types, stress-strain behavior for ductile and brittle materials, elastic constants, Hooke’s law, and factors of safety.
• Compound Stresses: Analysis of combined stresses and strains in materials.
• Shear Force and Bending Moments: Beam types, load conditions, and shear force and bending moment calculations.
• Shear Stresses: Distribution and impact in structural components.

Machine Design (MD)

• Springs: Classification and design of springs for mechanical systems.
• Power Transmission: Design of belt, rope, and chain drives, including flat and V-belt systems. Conditions for maximum power transmission and selection of belts.
• Bearings: Analysis and design of pivot and collar bearings.
• Clutches and Brakes: Types and design of friction-based clutches (disc, multi-disc, cone type).
• Flywheel: Turning moment diagrams, energy fluctuation analysis, and flywheel design.
• Gears: Classification, force analysis, terminology, material selection, and design considerations.

Industrial Production Engineering and CIM

• Product Design and Development: Cost and quality factors in product development.
• Work System Design: Techniques such as method study and micro-motion analysis.
• Facility Design: Different types of plant layouts, evaluation, computer-aided layout techniques, assembly line balancing, and material handling systems.
• Operations Research: Linear programming methods and their applications.
• Engineering Economy and Costing: Principles and methodologies.
• Production Control: Forecasting techniques, scheduling tools like Gantt charts, and methods like CPM, PERT, and GERT.
• Introduction to Robotics: Robot types, components, manipulators, degrees of freedom, and sensors (contact, proximity, force, position, velocity, tactile).
• Robot Control Systems: Open-loop and closed-loop systems, transfer functions, and control strategies (P, PD, PID, linear, and non-linear).

Philosophy

Unit 1: Nature, Scope, and Branches of Philosophy

Classical Indian Philosophy

• Key ideas from the Vedic and Upanishadic periods, including concepts like Rta (cosmic order), the significance of the Vedas, the role of Yajna (sacrificial rituals), Rna (moral debts), Karma, and the pursuit of Moksha (liberation).
• Cārvāka Philosophy: Examination of materialism and hedonistic principles within the Cārvāka school.
• Yoga Philosophy: Understanding the essence and types of Yoga, the eightfold path (Ashtanga), the psychological dimensions of Yoga, and the concept of consciousness in Yoga.

Contemporary Indian Philosophy

• Gandhi’s philosophy: Focus on truth (Satya), non-violence (Ahimsa), Satyagraha, Swaraj, and his critique of modern civilization.
• Jyotiba Phule: Analytical perspective on caste systems and social critique.

Unit 2: Philosophy and Science

• Interdisciplinary Connections: Exploring the relationship between philosophy, science, and religion.
• Branches of Philosophy:
  • Metaphysics: Study of being and existence.
  • Epistemology: Inquiry into the nature and limits of knowledge.
  • Axiology: Examination of value theory, including ethics and aesthetics.
• Classical Western Philosophy:
  • Contributions of pre-Socratic thinkers like Thales, Anaxagoras, Anaximenes, Pythagoras, Parmenides, and Heraclitus.
• Modern Western Philosophy: The ideas of Descartes and Spinoza.
• Applied Ethics:
  • Definition, scope, and areas of application such as technology ethics, environmental ethics, medical ethics, professional ethics, legal ethics, and philosophical counseling.

Unit 3: Logic and Reasoning

• Introduction to Logic:
  • Definition, importance, and the role of logic as both science and art.
  • Interrelations between logic, psychology, and grammar.
  • Fundamental laws of thought.
• Propositions:
  • Definition, types, and classifications (fourfold division).
  • Use of Euler’s circles and Venn diagrams to understand propositions and term distribution.
• Inference:
  • Nature and types of inference, including the square of opposition and common fallacies.
• Symbolic Logic:
  • Importance and application, including truth functions and truth tables.

Physics Syllabus

Unit 1: The Physical World and Measurement

• Measurement Basics: Importance of measurement, units of measurement, various unit systems, SI units, fundamental and derived units.
• Precision and Accuracy: Significant figures, dimensional analysis, and practical applications of dimensional calculations.

Unit 2: Kinematics

• Motion in One Dimension: Reference frames, position-time graphs, speed, velocity, and acceleration. Uniform and non-uniform motion, graphical representations, and equations for uniformly accelerated motion.
• Vectors: Scalar and vector quantities, addition and subtraction of vectors, unit vector, zero vector, scalar and vector products, vector resolution.
• Relative Motion: Calculations involving relative velocity.
• Motion in Two Dimensions: Concepts of motion in a plane, projectile motion, and uniform circular motion.

Unit 3: Laws of Motion

• Forces and Motion: Newton’s laws of motion, concepts of inertia, momentum, impulse, and their applications.
• Conservation Laws: Linear momentum conservation and equilibrium of forces.
• Friction: Static and kinetic friction, laws governing friction, rolling friction.
• Circular Dynamics: Centripetal force and its role in circular motion.

Unit 4: Work, Energy, and Power

• Work and Energy: Work done by constant and variable forces, potential and kinetic energy, and the work-energy theorem.
• Power: Understanding power as the rate of work done.
• Energy Conservation: Mechanical energy conservation in systems.
• Collisions: Elastic and inelastic collisions in one and two dimensions.

Unit 5: Rotational Motion

• Rotational Dynamics: Center of mass, rotational motion basics, torque, angular momentum, and its conservation.
• Moment of Inertia: Concepts of radius of gyration, and application of parallel and perpendicular axes theorems.

Unit 6: Gravitation

• Gravitational Law: Universal law of gravitation, variations in gravity due to altitude and depth.
• Orbital Mechanics: Kepler’s laws, escape velocity, and satellite motion.
• Gravitational Potential: Energy associated with gravitational fields.

Unit 7: Properties of Bulk Matter

• Elastic Properties of Solids: Stress-strain relationships, Hooke’s law, elastic constants, and energy stored in strained materials.
• Fluid Mechanics: Pascal’s law, fluid pressure, Bernoulli’s principle, viscosity, surface tension, and related applications.
• Thermal Properties: Heat, temperature, thermal expansion, specific heat, latent heat, and heat transfer mechanisms including conduction, convection, and radiation.

Unit 8: Thermodynamics

• Fundamentals: Thermal equilibrium, zeroth law, heat, work, and internal energy.
• Laws of Thermodynamics: First and second laws, Carnot cycle, and engine efficiency.

Unit 9: Kinetic Theory of Gases

• Gas Laws: Ideal gas equation, kinetic molecular theory, pressure, and temperature relations.
• Molecular Motion: rms speed, degrees of freedom, equipartition of energy, mean free path, and Avogadro’s number.

Unit 10: Oscillations and Waves

• Oscillatory Motion: Periodic motion, simple harmonic motion (SHM), oscillations of springs, pendulums, and concepts of resonance.
• Wave Dynamics: Longitudinal and transverse waves, speed of propagation, and standing waves.
• Wave Superposition: Beats, Doppler effect, and wave interference.

Unit 11: Electrostatics

• Electric Charges: Properties of charge, Coulomb’s law, and superposition principles.
• Electric Fields and Potentials: Field due to point charges, dipoles, potential energy, and capacitors.

Unit 12: Current Electricity

• Electric Current: Ohm’s law, resistance, resistivity, and energy in electric circuits.
• Circuit Analysis: Kirchhoff’s laws, Wheatstone bridge, and potentiometers.

Unit 13: Magnetic Effects of Current and Magnetism

• Magnetic Fields: Biot-Savart law, Ampere’s law, and applications in solenoids and wires.
• Magnetism: Magnetic properties of materials and the Earth’s magnetic field.

Unit 14: Electromagnetic Waves

• Wave Properties: Nature of electromagnetic waves, spectrum, and applications.

Unit 15: Dual Nature of Matter and Radiation

• Particle and Wave Nature: Photoelectric effect, de Broglie hypothesis, and experimental verification.

Unit 16: Atoms and Nuclei

• Atomic Models: Bohr’s theory, hydrogen spectrum, and nuclear properties.
• Nuclear Physics: Radioactivity, binding energy, fission, and fusion.

Unit 17: Electronic Devices

• Semiconductor Basics: Energy bands, diode characteristics, and applications.

Physics (Lateral Entry) Syllabus

Unit 1: Units and Dimensions

• Physical Quantities: Understanding fundamental and derived units, including FPS, CGS, and SI units.
• Dimensional Analysis: Introduction to dimensional formulae for various physical quantities (e.g., area, volume, velocity, momentum, force, energy, etc.).
• Principle of Homogeneity: Applications of dimensional homogeneity, conversion of units between different systems, and checking dimensional equations.
• Limitations: Discuss the constraints of dimensional analysis in problem-solving.
• Error Analysis: Absolute and relative errors in measurements, rules for representing significant figures in calculations.
• Practical Applications: Measuring physical quantities such as length, diameter, surface area, and volume using units and dimensional analysis in metallic and non-metallic objects like wires, blocks, and pipes.

Unit 2: Force and Motion

• Scalar and Vector Quantities: Definition, examples, and representation of vectors, including different types of vectors.
• Vector Operations: Addition and subtraction of vectors using the triangle and parallelogram laws. Scalar and vector products.
• Resolution of Vectors: Application of vector resolution, e.g., in lawn roller mechanics.
• Momentum and Impulse: Derivation of the conservation of linear momentum and its real-world applications (e.g., recoil of a gun, impulse in various systems).
• Circular Motion: Definitions of angular displacement, angular velocity, and angular acceleration, and their relationship to linear quantities.
• Forces in Circular Motion: Explanation and applications of centripetal and centrifugal forces (e.g., in banking of roads and cycling).
• Applications of Forces: In lifts, cranes, and steam engines.

Unit 3: Work, Power, and Energy

• Work: Definition, units, and types of work (zero, positive, and negative work) with examples.
• Friction: Concept and types of friction, laws of limiting friction, coefficient of friction, and engineering applications.
• Work Done on Surfaces: Work done in moving objects on horizontal and inclined planes, for both rough and smooth surfaces.
• Energy: Units of energy, kinetic and potential energy, derivations, and examples.
• Conservation of Energy: Application of energy conservation in freely falling bodies and energy transformation examples.
• Power: Definition, units, and calculation of power in practical problems.
• Frictional Applications: Role of friction in vehicle brake systems (e.g., in cars, trains, and bicycles).

Unit 4: Rotational Motion

• Translatory and Rotational Motion: Definitions with real-world examples.
• Torque and Angular Momentum: Explanation and applications, including the conservation of angular momentum.
• Moment of Inertia: Physical significance, radius of gyration for rigid bodies, and related theorems (parallel and perpendicular axes).
• Moment of Inertia of Objects: Formulae for the moment of inertia of a rod, disc, ring, and sphere (both hollow and solid).
• Applications in Machines: Understanding rotational motion in transport and machinery.

Unit 5: Properties of Matter

• Elasticity: Definitions of stress and strain, types of moduli of elasticity, Hooke’s law, and the significance of stress-strain curves.
• Pressure: Types of pressure (atmospheric, gauge, and absolute), and understanding Fortin’s Barometer and its applications.
• Surface Tension: Concept, units, angle of contact, and the Ascent Formula (without derivation). Applications of surface tension and its variation with temperature and impurities.
• Viscosity: Coefficient of viscosity, terminal velocity, and the application of Stoke’s law. Effects of temperature on viscosity, and applications in hydraulic systems.
• Fluid Motion: Understanding streamline and turbulent flow, Reynold’s number, equation of continuity, and Bernoulli’s theorem, with real-life applications (without derivation).

Unit 6: Thermometry

• Heat vs. Temperature: Key differences between heat and temperature.
• Heat Transfer: Modes of heat transfer — conduction, convection, and radiation, with real-world examples.
• Temperature Scales: Relationship between different temperature scales.
• Types of Thermometers: Including mercury thermometers, bimetallic thermometers, platinum resistance thermometers, and pyrometers.
• Thermal Expansion: Expansion of solids, liquids, and gases. Coefficients of linear, surface, and volumetric expansion, and their interrelations.
• Thermal Conductivity: Understanding the concept and applications in various systems.
• Applications in Cooling Systems: Use of thermometry in refrigeration, air-conditioning, and other heat management systems.

Political Science Syllabus

Unit 1: The Cold War Period

• Post-WWII Power Structure: Emergence of two major power blocs and the geopolitical divisions.
• Cold War Arenas: Key global regions and conflicts during the Cold War.
• Challenges to Bipolarity: The Non-Aligned Movement, efforts for a new international economic order.
• India and the Cold War: India’s role and positioning during the Cold War era.

Unit 2: The End of Bipolarity

• New Political Entities: The rise of Russia, Balkan states, and Central Asian nations post-Cold War.
• Transition to Democracy: The shift to democratic systems and capitalism in post-communist countries.
• India's Relations: India’s foreign relations with Russia and other former communist nations.

Unit 3: US Hegemony in Global Politics

• Unilateralism: The growth of U.S. dominance through events such as the Gulf War, Afghanistan, and the 9/11 attacks.
• Economic and Ideological Challenges to the U.S.: Global opposition to U.S. economic practices and political ideologies.
• India's Evolving Relationship with the USA: India’s changing dynamics with the United States.

Unit 4: Emerging Centers of Power

• China's Rise: The transformation of China into an economic powerhouse in the post-Mao era.
• European Union and ASEAN: Expansion of the European Union and the rise of ASEAN as significant economic groups.
• India-China Relations: The shifting nature of India’s relationship with China in the global context.

Unit 5: South Asia in the Post-Cold War World

• Democratic Movements: The rise of democracy in Pakistan and Nepal.
• Ethnic Conflicts: The ongoing ethnic tensions in Sri Lanka.
• Globalization's Impact: How economic globalization is affecting the region.
• Regional Conflicts: Efforts for peace in South Asia and India’s relations with its neighbors.

Unit 6: Global Organizations

• Restructuring the United Nations: Changes in the UN structure and India's role within it.
• Emerging Global Actors: The rise of new international economic institutions and non-governmental organizations (NGOs).
• Global Governance: Evaluating the democratic nature and accountability of global institutions.

Unit 7: Security in the Modern World

• Traditional Security Concerns: Issues related to national defense and disarmament.
• Human Security: Addressing global poverty, health, education, and human rights challenges.
• Migration and Human Rights: The politics of migration and protection of human rights in the contemporary world.

Unit 8: Environmental and Resource Management

• Environmental Movements: The global environmental movement and its impact on policy.
• Resource Conflicts: Disputes over common and traditional property resources.
• Indigenous Rights: The rights of indigenous populations in the context of environmental issues.
• India's Environmental Stance: India’s position in global environmental debates and policies.

Unit 9: Globalization

• Economic, Cultural, and Political Impact: Understanding the multifaceted nature of globalization.
• Debates on Globalization: Discussions on the positive and negative consequences of globalization.
• Anti-Globalization Movements: Movements challenging the effects of globalization.
• India and Globalization: The impact of globalization on India, and the nation’s struggles against it.

Unit 10: Nation-Building Challenges

• Nehru's Vision: Jawaharlal Nehru’s approach to nation-building in post-independence India.
• Legacy of Partition: Addressing the challenges of refugee resettlement and the Kashmir issue.
• State Reorganization: The political conflicts surrounding language and state reorganizations in India.

Unit 11: Era of One-Party Rule

• Congress Dominance: Analyzing Congress's dominance in the early years of India’s independence and its uneven regional influence.
• Opposition Parties: The role of major opposition parties during the one-party dominance period.

Unit 12: Politics of Planned Economic Development

• Five-Year Plans: The role of planned economic growth through India’s Five-Year Plans.
• State Sector Expansion: The growth of the public sector and emerging economic interests.
• Famine and Policy Challenges: The suspension of certain plans due to famine, and the political implications of the Green Revolution.

Unit 13: India’s Foreign Policy

• Nehru’s Foreign Policy: The foundational principles of India’s foreign policy under Nehru.
• Wars and Diplomatic Shifts: The Sino-Indian War of 1962, the Indo-Pakistani wars of 1965 and 1971, and India’s nuclear ambitions.
• Changing Alliances: The shifting alliances in global politics and India’s positioning.

Unit 14: Challenges to the Congress System

• Post-Nehru Succession: Political shifts following Nehru’s death, including the rise of non-Congressism and the electoral surprise of 1967.
• Internal Crisis: The Congress split and reconstitution in the 1960s, and the party's victory in the 1971 elections.

Unit 15: Crisis of Democracy in India

• Bureaucracy and Judiciary: The search for a ‘committed’ bureaucracy and judiciary.
• Social Movements: The Navnirman movement in Gujarat and the Bihar movement.
• The Emergency: Understanding the Emergency period, its constitutional and extra-constitutional dimensions, and the formation of the Janata Party post-1977 elections.

Unit 16: Popular Movements in India

• Social Movements: Key movements such as the farmers’ movement, women’s rights movement, and environmental movements.
• Mandal Commission: Implementation of the Mandal Commission report and the aftermath.

Unit 17: Regional Demands

• Regional Political Parties: The rise of regional parties in India and their political significance.
• Punjab Crisis and Anti-Sikh Riots: Analyzing the Punjab crisis and the 1984 anti-Sikh riots.
• Kashmir and North-East: Political struggles and responses to the Kashmir issue and challenges in India’s North East.

Unit 18: Recent Trends in Indian Politics

• 1990s Political Shift: The rise of political participation and movements in the 1990s.
• Regional and Coalition Politics: The increasing role of regional parties and coalition governments, including the NDA (1998-2004), UPA (2004-2014), and NDA (2014-present).

Logical Reasoning Syllabus

Unit 1: Evolution and Schools of Psychology

• The Origins of Psychology: Tracing the development of psychology as a formal discipline.
• Psychology in India: The growth and influence of psychology in the Indian context.
• Key Contributors: Study of significant figures such as Wundt, Titchener, and William James.
• Major Schools of Thought:
  • Gestalt Psychology: An exploration of Gestalt principles and their contribution to psychology.
  • Behaviorism: Theories of behaviorism and its leading proponents.
  • Psychoanalysis: Freud's theory of the unconscious and its impact.
  • Humanistic Psychology: Contributions of Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow.
  • Cognitive Psychology: The shift toward cognitive processes and theorists like Jean Piaget and Lev Vygotsky.

Unit 2: Fundamental Concepts in Psychology

• Intelligence: Examination of intelligence theories from Spearman, Sternberg, and Binet.
• Memory: Understanding memory processes, types, and theories.
• Learning:
  • Classical Conditioning: Principles of Pavlov’s classical conditioning theory.
  • Operant Conditioning: B.F. Skinner's work on reinforcement and behavior modification.
  • Observational Learning: The role of modeling and imitation in learning, as seen in Bandura's work.
• The Nervous System: Overview of the human brain, its structure, and functions.
• The Endocrine System: The role of hormones and glands in psychological functioning.
• Attention: The process and theories of attention.
• Psychological Disorders: Brief introduction to common psychological conditions such as depression and anxiety.

Unit 3: Social Psychology

• Social Influence: How others impact individual behaviors, opinions, and actions.
• Social Cognition: The study of how people perceive, interpret, and recall information about themselves and others.
• Social Groups: Dynamics of group behavior and intergroup relations.
• Social Interactions: Examining interpersonal interactions and communication in social contexts.
• Social Learning Theory: Bandura’s concept of learning through observation and imitation.
• Key Experiments in Social Psychology:
  • Asch’s Conformity Study: Understanding group influence on individual decisions.
  • Sherif’s Robbers Cave Experiment: Exploring intergroup conflict and cooperation.
  • Milgram’s Obedience Experiment: The psychology of obedience to authority.

Unit 4: Counseling Psychology

• Concept of Counseling: Introduction to the purpose and scope of counseling in psychology.
• Techniques of Counseling: Different approaches and strategies used in therapeutic settings.
• Client-Centered Therapy: Carl Rogers’ approach to therapy, emphasizing empathy and unconditional positive regard.
• Self-Esteem and Self-Concept: Understanding the importance of self-worth and identity in counseling.
• Self-Efficacy: The role of belief in one’s abilities in overcoming challenges and achieving goals.

Public Administration Syllabus

Introduction to Public Administration

• Definition, scope, and significance of Public Administration
• Wilson’s perspective on Public Administration
• Evolution of Public Administration as a discipline and its current status
• New Public Administration: Emergence and principles
• Public Choice Theory: Key concepts and challenges
• The impact of liberalization, privatization, and globalization on public administration
• Scientific Management principles and the Scientific Management movement
• Classical Theory in Public Administration
• Max Weber's Bureaucratic Model: Analysis and critiques, along with post-Weberian developments
• Dynamic Administration by Mary Parker Follett: Key ideas and influence
• The Human Relations Approach: Contributions by Elton Mayo and others
• Functions of the Executive according to C.I. Barnard
• Simon’s Decision-Making Theory and its relevance
• Participative Management theories: Contributions from R. Likert, C. Argyris, and D. McGregor

Administrative Law

• Definition, scope, and importance of Administrative Law
• A.V. Dicey’s views on Administrative Law
• Delegated Legislation: Concept and implications
• The role and significance of Administrative Tribunals in public governance

Public Policy

• Models of Policy-Making and their critical analysis
• Stages in policy development: Conceptualization, planning, implementation, monitoring, evaluation, and review
• Limitations of public policy processes
• The relationship between state theories and public policy formulation

Financial Administration

• Monetary and Fiscal Policies: Key components and their influence on public administration
• Public Borrowing and Debt Management
• Budget types and structures: Overview of the budgeting process
• Financial Accountability: Principles and practices
• Government Accounting and Audit processes

Evolution of Indian Administration

• Kautilya’s Arthashastra and its relevance to administration.
• Mughal Administration: Structure and characteristics.
• Legacy of British Rule in Indian Politics and Administration: Key features.
• Indianization of public services.
• Revenue and district administration.
• Role of local self-government.
• Historical Context of the Indian Constitution: Development and evolution.

Indian Constitution

• The process of Constitution-making in India
• The Indian Constitution: Sources and inspirations
• Overview of the Constitution: Parts, Schedules, and Articles
• The Preamble: Key principles and objectives
• Union and Territory of India: Structure and governance
• Fundamental Rights (FR) and their significance
• Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP)

Union Executive and Parliament

• Union Executive: The President, Vice President, Prime Minister, Council of Ministers, Attorney General, and Comptroller and Auditor General.
• Structure and Functions of Union Parliament.
• Parliamentary Sessions and proceedings.
• Law-making procedure in the Indian Parliament.

Indian Judiciary and State Administration

• The Judiciary: The role and functioning of the Supreme Court and High Courts
• The State Executive and Legislative structures at the state level
• Administration of Union Territories (UTs) and Special Areas

Constitutional Provisions and Local Governance

• Emergency Provisions in the Indian Constitution
• Panchayati Raj and Municipalities: Structure, function, and significance in local governance

Quantitative Aptitude Syllabus

Classification of Numbers

• Understanding the different types of numbers and their classifications

Divisibility and BODMAS

• Rules of divisibility
• Application of BODMAS (Bracket, Order, Division, Multiplication, Addition, Subtraction) in mathematical expressions

L.C.M. and H.C.F.

• Least Common Multiple (L.C.M.) and Highest Common Factor (H.C.F.): Definitions, properties, and methods of calculation

Remainders, Factorials, and Units Digits of Higher Powers

• Remainders and their properties
• Understanding and calculating factorials
• Determining the unit digit of powers of numbers

Percentage

• Concepts and calculations involving percentages
• Percentage increase or decrease

Profit and Loss

• Calculation of profit, loss, and discount
• Cost price, selling price, and profit percentage

Problems on Ages

• Solving problems related to the ages of individuals using algebraic methods

Simple and Compound Interest

• Calculation of simple and compound interest
• Formulas and applications of interest in various scenarios

Ratio, Proportion, and Variation

• Understanding ratios, proportions, and direct/inverse variations

Partnership

• Problems related to profit sharing, partnership, and the division of gains

Averages

• Calculation of averages, weighted averages, and their applications

Mixture and Alligation

• Solving problems related to mixing different quantities and their resultant average

Time and Work

• Problems related to work done, time taken, and work efficiency

Pipes and Cisterns

• Solving problems related to filling and emptying pipes and cisterns

Time, Speed, and Distance

• Understanding and calculating problems related to time, speed, and distance

Problems on Trains

• Solving problems related to trains, speed, distance, and time

Boats and Streams

• Problems involving boats in still water and moving streams

Permutation and Combination

• Concepts of permutation, combination, and counting principles

Probability

• Basic concepts of probability, probability calculations, and problem-solving techniques

True Discount and Bankers Discount

• Understanding the concepts of true discount and bankers' discount

Polynomials and Quadratic Equations

• Solving problems related to polynomials and quadratic equations

Sociology Syllabus

UNIT 1: Introduction to Indian Society

• The impact of colonialism and nationalism on Indian society
• The roles of class and community in shaping Indian social structures

UNIT 2: Demographic Structure and Indian Society

• Rural and urban linkages, their interconnection and divisions in Indian society

UNIT 3: Social Institutions: Continuity and Change

• The evolving roles of family and kinship
• Understanding the caste system and its implications

UNIT 4: The Market as a Social Institution

• Analyzing the market as a significant social institution and its effects on society

UNIT 5: Social Inequality and Exclusion Patterns

• The issue of caste prejudice, with a focus on Scheduled Castes (SCs) and Other Backward Classes (OBCs)
• Marginalization of tribal communities and their struggles
• The ongoing fight for gender equality and women’s rights
• Safeguarding the rights of religious minorities
• Addressing the needs of differently-abled individuals

UNIT 6: The Challenges of Cultural Diversity

• The problems associated with communalism, regionalism, casteism, and patriarchy
• The state’s role in managing a plural society with growing inequalities
• Exploring shared values and experiences

UNIT 7: Structural Change in Indian Society

• The effects of colonialism, industrialization, and urbanization on Indian society

UNIT 8: Cultural Change

• Concepts such as modernization, westernization, and Sanskritization
• The role of secularization and social reform movements in shaping Indian culture
• Significant social reform laws

UNIT 9: The Story of Indian Democracy

• The role of the Indian Constitution in driving social change
• Political parties, pressure groups, and their impact on democratic processes
• Panchayati Raj and the social transformation challenges it faces

UNIT 10: Rural Society: Change and Development

• The impact of land reforms and the Green Revolution on agrarian society

UNIT 11: Industrial Society: Change and Development

• The transition from planned industrialization to liberalization
• How industrialization has altered the class structure in India

UNIT 12: Globalization and Social Change

• Defining globalization and its economic and cultural aspects
• Theories of social change: Cyclical, Structural-Functionalist, and Linear models
• Understanding the key factors driving social change

UNIT 13: Mass Media and Communication

• The role and definition of mass media and communication in society
• The process, elements, and functions of communication
• Different types of mass media

UNIT 14: Social Movements

• Understanding the concept and types of social movements
• Key theories explaining social movements: Relative Deprivation Theory and Strain Theory
• Class-based movements, including workers’ and peasants’ movements
• Caste-based movements: Dalit, backward caste, and upper caste responses
• Women’s movements in post-independence India
• Tribal and environmental movements and their impacts on society

Mass Media Syllabus

UNIT 1: General English

• Comprehension: Reading comprehension and understanding passages
• Grammar: Basic grammar concepts including tenses, sentence structures (simple and complex), parts of speech, etc.
• Vocabulary: Antonyms, synonyms, and word usage

UNIT 2: Current Affairs

• National and international political developments
• Administrative reforms and issues related to governance
• Inter-state disputes and challenges, including insurgency and law and order issues
• Internal issues, national budget, and the federal structure of India
• Structure and functioning of Parliament, Legislative Assembly, Panchayats, and Urban Local Bodies
• International relations and global organizations: United Nations, World Health Organization, and relations with neighboring countries

UNIT 3: History, Political Science, and Geography

• History: Key events in Indian history, freedom struggle, and notable historical figures from India and across the world
• Political Science: Elections at various levels (Parliamentary, Assembly, Panchayat, and ULB), functioning of Election Commission, political reforms, party systems (multi-party and bi-party), roles of President, Prime Minister, Chief Ministers, and political party structures
• Geography: Geographical features of India and the world, including continents, countries, rivers, mountain ranges, monsoon patterns, and agricultural patterns

UNIT 4: Culture and Literature

• Culture: Diverse cultures of Indian states, folk music and folk songs, places of pilgrimage, and historical landmarks
• Language & Literature: Regional languages, famous literary works, and notable writers, along with prominent literary awards

UNIT 5: Sports and Media Awareness

• Sports: Major sports events such as Cricket, Olympics, Asian Games, Commonwealth Games, Hockey, and Tennis
• Media Awareness: Familiarity with prominent media outlets, including TV channels, newspapers, and magazines, and the roles of media editors. Understanding media controversies, film industry highlights, and both Indian and international cinema